We Got the Beat! How are Rhythm and Beat Different?

"Wow, I love this new song! It has a really great beat."  What does it really mean when a song has a great beat?

Today I'll break down the difference between some useful music words like beat, meter, rhythm, and tempo. We are always talking about how important it is to give students lots of experience with finding beat, matching beat, and keeping steady beat, so today I'll make sure readers know what we mean and give you some ideas of how to get the beat at home.

Steady Beat Quiz

A beat is nothing more than a steady pulse. Voila. Boring? Maybe. But really important. Everything else in music will be centered around, and defined by that pulse. 

Young musicians practice listening to music and identifying the beat, then trying to move with it and keep that beat going. Games like tambourine train in Let's Play Music give us practice moving to the beat. 

All babies and children inherently play and dance to matching beat. This little cutie is the daughter of Let's Play Music teacher, Darlayne Coughlin, in Wisconsin. When your Mom leads the drum corps for the Green Bay Packers, you get plenty of chances to match the beat. She can't help but let her body move when she hears it. All babies and toddlers benefit from an environment filled with music and rhythm: they will naturally look for a steady pulse and try to move to it.

Now that you and your child are in Let's Play Music, you can consciously work on getting even better at matching a beat. Interested to see how well you can already keep a steady beat?  Take this quick test (and maybe post your results in the comments). When someone can maintain a steady beat, we say they've "got rhythm."

You tried to keep all of your taps spaced evenly and precisely in time. That means you can maintain a steady beat after hearing it tapped out for you. Great job! If some beats were too early and some too late, it means you're human and have room for improvement.

A more natural example of beat-finding would be listening to real music and clapping along to the beat. Because the tempo (speed of music) is different for many styles of music, this is definitely worth practicing. 

In the first 3:00 minutes of this video from Hoffman Piano Academy, you'll be challenged to clap along to some piano pieces of different tempi.  Can you do it?

  

How is Rhythm Different from Beat?

The beat is the steady underlying pulse of the music. Importantly, the beat continues steadily even when no instruments or voice sound on the beat. Conversely, there can be lots of sounds happening all in a single beat of time. 

All of the sound and silence organized in time is rhythm. Rhythm is a pattern of durations, organized on top of the beat. To understand and perform rhythms, the student must first interpret the steady beat supporting them.

In Sound Beginnings class, a heart map (beat map) helps students tap along to the beat of a song. I love using the heart symbol because it reminds us that the heartbeat is a natural steady beat children are familiar with. When we sing songs like May There Always Be Me in Let's Play Music, we have a chance to find a beat and pat along to it.  Here's a worksheet used by piano teacher, Susan Paradis.

Rhythms create silence on some beats (rests or notes that carry over for more than one heart) and multiple sounds within other beats (eighth notes, sixteenth notes, and combinations of them). In the rhythm worksheet, students can insert notes or rests for each beat of the music to create their own rhythm.  Watch the Hoffman video again (starting at 3:20) to see an example of how to use the heart beat map.

As we sing a song, we could tap each heart steadily in progression: this is keeping the beat. Or we can clap along with the quick and slow pauses that are played by the instruments or sung with lyrics: this is playing the rhythm. 

Rhythm is exciting and fun! Read about our Blue Bugs for an inside look at how rhythm syllables will help your student learn to perform them easily and correctly.

Also check out the Theta Music Trainer website for games that help you combine notes to create rhythms.

  

What's the Meter?
 
Meter is one more important piece to rhythmic understanding. Meter is the recurring pattern of stronger and weaker beats. It is what gives music its ebb and flow and determines the time signature of a piece. Notice in the worksheet above, each line says 4/4 (time signature), denoting the meter.

Here is your handy dandy time signature decoder: the top note tells you how many beats are in a measure. The bottom note tells you what type of note is going to get one beat. So there are four beats per measure and a quarter note would be one beat in 4/4 time.

A measure is simply a 'chunk' of beats. Importantly, the first beat of each measure, the downbeat, is felt with more emphasis. After listening to a few measures of music, you'll start to feel that every fourth beat is a downbeat (4/4 time). Or perhaps every third beat has the emphasis (3/4 time). Try it: this video plays a cute piano tune with both 3/4 and 4/4 time. I especially like the part where you (and your student) can follow along with the notation as the notes play- can you read what you are hearing?

 

   
Audiation and Rhythm

While a child may be able to perform a steady beat, we also want him to feel a steady beat. 

Did you catch that subtlety? One step is performing (clapping/tapping) the beat along with a song or even all alone to keep a steady beat. The next level is being able to audiate that beat and keep it going during parts of the song when sustained notes require counting several beats.  

Audiation is the mental/ internal hearing of music or beat when there is no external instrumentation. In other words, can you keep a steady beat going in your mind even when you're not tapping it out on a drum? Rhythm cannot be audiated without a metric context; therefore, never rely on rhythm syllables to generate the rhythm without an established beat and meter first.

You Got the Beat at Home!
 
So when I say, "I love this song! It has a great beat!" that's technically silly: every song has a great beat. What we all know I mean is it has a strong bass line (an instrument is clearly tapping out the beat, as a base layer, like in pop music). That makes it easy for me to identify the beat, and if the tempo is peppy, I probably want to dance! 

Many activities in Sound Beginnings and Let’s Play Music are centered on developing this capacity to match a beat, then eventually feel and 'hear' a steady beat where there is no beat actually being sounded. Here are some fun ways you can strengthen these skills at home:

• Show Him the Beat: Take your child in your lap and rock him to the beat of the lullaby you listen to. Even better, as you rock to the beat, also pat his back. You're helping him see that he can move and tap to match what he hears. When driving in the car with a fussy child, I reached my hand back and squeezed her foot to the beat of the music we were listening to. She got very quiet and focused on trying to wiggle her ankle to the beat to respond to me.
• Heart Maps: Use your heart beat map from Sound Beginnings, or just draw 8 hearts on paper and help your preschooler tap along as you sing a song. Make it a fun game by pulling strips from a jar with song titles so the next song is a surprise.
• Family Dance Time: Don't be shy at home! Encourage youngsters to move and dance to music. Bouncing, marching, and clapping to the beat are critical developmental skills and super fun. Make it a tradition (after dinner?) or just anytime: pump up the sound and start dancing. 
• Easy Percussion: You don't have to spend a lot on percussion instruments (but musical gifts are delightful). Grab a couple wooden spoons or a pot to bang on and let your kids tap to the music. The BEST gift you can give them is if YOU play, too. Model how it goes to have fun in a homemade band.
• Transitions: Kids want to play with music and rhythm if it's silly. Try marching (to the bus stop, to the dinner table, to the bath tub) and chanting on beat. "Let's march, to the bus, here we go, we do not fuss. You will go to school today. You will get to read and play." Invented silly lyrics are a bonus. Your kids will giggle, march, and chant along.
• Make it Pop: 99% of pop music is structured with a vocal line over layers of repeating rhythmic patterns. Focus on those underlying rhythms as you clap along. And don't fret; the world has tons of great kid's pop artists that won't drive parents batty. Check out Ralph's World, Stevesongs, Laurie Berkner, and add your favorites in the comments! 
• 
  Song Cubes: For this fun game you make two big dice. One has names of songs on it, the other has ways to express the rhythm. Roll the dice and play/sing with your toddler! 
• Musical Environment: Experiment with ways to add more music to the environment. Does your child respond well to peppy tunes while dressing in the morning? Lullabies at bedtime?  When I see my little ones engaged in puzzles or imaginary play, I often turn on some quiet classical music as background music. They don't even notice, but a few minutes later they are humming along or nodding to the beat. Exposure, even if it doesn't count as deliberate practice, will still help kids internalize the feels and sounds of music and beats.
• Deliberate Listening in the Car: On the other hand, take time to listen when nothing else is distracting. Buckled in the car is one great time. Talk to your child about what you hear. "Let's see if we can dance to this song with just our heads nodding. Can you clap along to this song? Say bum-bum-bum with the drum in this song!"

- Gina Weibel, M.S.
Let's Play Music teacher 

Meet the Blue Bugs: Why We Use Rhythm Syllables

Look at those Blue Bugs! Where did they come from? Here's the long answer you won't get in class.

Sound, then Sight
Music is a language, with both written and spoken forms.  Imagine if you hadn't learned the language yet and someone handed you a page of chicken-scratchy marks. "Great news, student! You're going to look at these marks and be able to speak our language from now on!"  I've heard from a few adults who told me about their troublesome first exposures to reading music in middle school orchestra that felt as overwhelming and confusing as being lost in a foreign land.

There's a better way, of course. Before a child learns to read English, he naturally internalizes how grammar works, picks up thousands of vocabulary words, and even masters some idioms! He does it by hearing the sound of the language and using it himself.  So, when he's talking fluently and starts to look at letters, he has a foundation of how language works and is looking for ways that the letters and words fit in with what he already knows.

In music, having exposure and using the elements (playing with them) before learning all the abstract rules and symbols is especially important because there is so much to hear in each bit of music! The child can learn to internalize and use music before being formally taught mathematical and abstract concepts behind it.  Playing with music is more effective for teaching, less stressful, and more fun! In Let's Play Music, all avenues of musical experience eventually lead to notational literacy.  Our slogan is sounds before symbols.

Beat, rhythm, and tempo must be taught together, but should be separated from pitch (melody and harmony) to make isolating elements easier. That's why we chant.

Rhythm Syllables
Like solfege, rhythm syllables provide a singable word to verbally associate with audited sounds.   They give us a way to help children read and perform rhythms correctly and easily, right from the first lesson.

It's hard to teach a concept (think about colors) without any words to attach to the ideas. Official words like quarter note, and eighth note are useful names once you understand fractions, but super abstract and not at all singable.  When teaching rhythm, we are looking for words or syllables that sound like what the notation means.  "Quar-ter-note" does not sound at all like a quarter note!

*Oops. In the top line, the whole note should have Ta-a-a-a *

Zoltan Kodaly, promoter of the solfege hand signs, used a rhythm syllable system.  The single beat, or quarter note, is called Ta.  A half note (2 beats) is Ta-a.  A dotted half note (3 beats) is Ta-a-a.  Can you guess what a whole note is (4 beats?) Yes! Ta-a-a-a.  Two eighth notes are ti-ti (tee tee).  Four sixteenth notes are tiki-tiki (teekee teekee).  

I like that the Kodaly syllables are easy to say and fit well with the notes, BUT the system of nonsense syllables takes practice to learn and remember.  If all the notes and names are introduced at the same time, you will hear kids saying the syllables but mixing them up.  Am I supposed to say Ti or Ta for that?  One school teacher said to me, "If we're going to spend a lot of time learning what to say when we see each Kodaly note, I'd rather just spend time learning to count." Don't give up yet...

Natural Language
Music educator, Carl Orff, taught rhythm in a more integrated, natural-language way.  The inflections of spoken English naturally give rise to rhythms, so using words to replace rhythms is an intuitive move. Children find it natural and delightful to use real words! Students of Orff method are taught rhythm in steps:

1. Find an interesting phrase or string of words. Repeat it several times. Start to draw out the beat and emphasize it.

2. Use your body to find the beat (not the rhythm yet). March, slap legs, or tap your body while chanting the phrase.

3. Within the context of the beat, clap or tap the rhythms of the words as you say them. Examine and reveal what the rhythms were for each word! Any words can become the 'rhythm syllables.' This puts the focus on easily hearing and performing the rhythms instead of stopping to 'count it out.'

Here's a chart, created by a music teacher, for finding rhythm in food language:

 Quarter notes could be: me, you, beef, pork. Two eighth notes could be: sister, bookmark, gameboy, Volvo, cocoa, cookies.  Four sixteenth notes could be: pepperoni, watermelon, snickerdoodle, politician. But of course, these words could potentially represent other rhythms, depending on how they are spoken/used within the beat.  And, did you notice that just saying any of these words doesn't give you a rhythm?  It takes a string of words, or a phrase, or a repeated word, to establish the beat and meter that define the base from which the rhythm emerges.

Immersed in Language At Home 

The Orff steps are SO fun to play with at home. First, because rhythm can't exist properly without establishing a beat first, I love that you take time to help your child find the beat. Second, everything is more fun when you get to use your body. And third, the magic of learning a language naturally is that you are immersed in it, all the time.  After you try this, you'll start to see that your child is immersed in opportunities to experience rhythm, she just needs a little guidance to hear it and think about it.

I was taking my daughter to school and made the observation, "Lots of parents dropping off their children."  After I said it, the car was quiet as I parked, so I said it again. And again.  When I got my daughter out of the car we started walking to the door, we both chanted it and started to march to the beat. A 4/4 meter emerged. We added some loose arm-swings and hip gyrations to our march, because we are that family at school.

Lots of parents dropping of their children! 
Lots of parents dropping off their children!

*I use bold to indicate where the strong beat (and our footfall) naturally developed. Use your voice to emphasize the beat.* 

Then, as most parents are saying, "good-bye dear, I love you," I was whispering to my daughter,  "what do you hear when I say lots-of..."  and she answers, "beetle, beetle, caterpillar, beetle!"  Yes, any words can have rhythm, but we also want to have some set words that always represent what we are talking about, so we can discuss it.

After school, we decided to have snacks of apple slices and cheese sticks.  As we walked into the kitchen, we marched to apple slices and cheese sticks. Before thinking about rhythm, we played out the beat and meter (4/4). By the time I was done cutting the apple slices and cheese sticks she had chanted along, tapped the counter, and figured out it was beetle, butterfly, bug, bug!

Bugs Have Fun

So when we teach rhythm in Let's Play Music, we need to use a name for our rhythms that doesn't change day-to-day.  Should we pick a natural language word for each rhythm, or should we pick Kodaly's Ta-a-a-a words?  Maybe this was an easy choice, because just about every four year-old I've talked to agrees that silly words are easier to remember and more importantly, way more fun! 

Kids learn best when they are having fun, and our motivation at this stage is to use the rhythms enough to master them and internalize them.  It makes sense to use a natural language word for each rhythm, that stays the same day-to-day, and is fun and a bit silly.  Bugs!

The bugs have one more advantage over the other rhythm syllables- the images of the bugs look similar to the images of the rhythm notation!  Subtle hints in the pictures make it easy to connect between what we are saying (beetle) and what we are seeing ( ). This is especially helpful when it comes time for learning to count the mainstream way.

Mainstreaming
One of my teacher friends told me, "I don't need rhythm syllables. I'll just teach my students counting, because that's the mainstream way of dealing with rhythm."

It reminded me of an interesting discussion from my college ASL (American Sign Language) class about teaching ASL to deaf children. Some parents of deaf children are worried that if their child learns ASL first, they will have a hard time learning English, or that ASL will interfere with the extensive therapy needed for learning to speak. They wanted their children to learn English as a first language and be fluent so they can communicate with the mainstream world.

The research shows that the benefits of having a working language for the child far outweigh the challenges of having to learn to read and speak English as a second language. Having a natural, successful way to communicate, and using it to mastery, sets the child up to understand language and grammar. Upon that framework, a second language can more easily be learned than trying to learn English first.

So, I think about mainstreaming our Let's Play Music students.  Yes, they will need to be able to count rhythms in a mainstream way before they graduate, so we teach this using our Orange rhythm cards in the third year. Why don't we just use Orange cards in the Blue semester, and teach counting right away? It's because they are the wrong color, right?! Well, it's because we want students to learn and internalize rhythm by using it, in a natural way, before we "teach" it.

Your four year-old is being introduced to the concept of rhythm the same way she learned to speak.  Instead of a lecture on how math relates to notes and how the notes add up, we give your child a way to start using rhythm immediately.  Without always feeling pressured to 'count it out', Blue Bugs students can read and play complicated rhythms correctly and easily!  This is the goal of our first exposure to rhythm.  Learn to speak before you learn to read and analyze.

Beat Function
Yes, in third year you will get math lessons about adding up notes. I am happy to teach the counting method next, because  counting represent a beat function.

In a beat function, the tactus (first sound) is always the same and the half-beat is always the same, regardless of how the rest of the measure is filled out. In counting, the tactus is the number of the beat.

So, the cool thing about chanting within a function is that each person can be chanting a different type of note (or bug) and even though you'll be saying different things, when you DO say something, it lines up perfectly with others who say that word.  The caterpillars have a lot more to say than the half notes, but they all say '1' and '3' at the same time. 

Numbers in gray font can be spoken, but not "played" or clapped.

Never Too Old for Bugs

Even seasoned Let's Play Music teachers like Justine Turcotte in Rexburg, Idaho still use BUGS to help get rhythm right when playing music!  Justine found herself tasked with this tricky bit of orchestral harp music from the ballet Petrouchka by Igor Stravinsky.  Starting at marker 228, she mentally chanted Grasshopper over and over for the next 38 measures!

Can you see the grasshoppers?  The music is in 2/4 time, so there are 2 bugs in each measure. The 'grass' is always an eighth rest and the 'hopper' is two sixteenths.  And what bug do you see over and over up there at marker 226?

Now that you know a little more about rhythm and how our Blue Bugs came to be, go play with Bugs in your life.  

Go play with bugs in your life.
Grasshopper Beetle Bug Bug!
Go play with bugs in your life.
Go play with bugs in your life.
Go play with bugs in your life.  Are you chanting yet?

-Gina Weibel, M.S. 
Let's Play Music Teacher